For multiple testing problems, Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) proposed the false discovery rate (FDR) as an alternative to the family-wise error rate (FWER). Since then, researchers have provided many proofs to control the FDR under di erent assumptions. Storey et al. (2004) showed that the rejection threshold of a BH step-up procedure is a stopping time with respect to the reverse filtration generated by the pvalues and proposed a new proof based on the martingale theory. Following this work, martingale methods have been widely used to establish FDR control in various settings, but have been primarily applied to reverse filtration only. However, forward filtration can be more amenable for generalized and adaptive FDR controlling procedures. In this paper, we present a new proof, based on forward filtration, for step-down FDR controlling procedures that start from small p-values and update the rejection regions as larger p-values are observed.

A common method for controlling a group of parallel converters in decentralized control strategy structure in an island microgrid, the use is the droop-down characteristics of frequency ω-P and voltage E-Q. However, the problem with using this method is that the reactive power is not properly distributed (in proportion to the capacity of the micronutrients) between the micronutrients, which may lead to overload in the converters. Microgrids may also suffer from dynamic stability problems such as power fluctuations, which can be increased by switching between active and reactive power control. To avoid this problem, the X / R ratio of transmission lines is an important parameter that should be carefully considered in the design of micronutrient controllers. By linearizing and simplifying conditions, the control system conversion function model becomes a single input-single output system, which is efficient enough to show the relationship between control parameters such as slope of droop characteristics and derivative sentences, virtual impedance, and voltage controllers. Using this model, stability conditions for different parameters are analyzed. Also, to improve power distribution stability, common droop strategies are modified by adjusting the slope as well as adding nonlinear sentence sections. This approach reduces the coupling between active and reactive power control and reduces the dependence of power distribution on grid parameters such as the X / R ratio. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model, the simulation results in a sample island microgrid in MATLAB software are presented.

Introduction: Use of an adhesive with a suitable composite resin is an important factor in tooth-colored restorations and increasing marginal sealing ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of various adhesives with composite resins using fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques and assessment of the correlation between these two techniques.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 48 extracted sound human premolar teeth, measuring 1.5±0.5 mm in gingival width, 4 mm in occluso-gingival height and 1.3 of the inter-cuspal distance in width. The samples were divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1; OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 2: OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Master Dent composite resin; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 4: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Master Dent composite resin. Microleakage was assessed primarily by fluid filtration and then by dye extraction techniques. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction and Spearman's rho correlation test at 95% confidence interval.Results: The minimum and maximum mean microleakage values were recorded in fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques groups 1 and 4, respectively. There were significant differences between the experimental groups in microleakage with the two methods of leakage assessment (p value=0.001). Spearman's rho revealed a strongly direct correlation between the two methods (r=0.797, p value=0.000).Conclusion: In both methods of microleakage assessment, use of ethanol-based in comparison to acetone-based adhesive resulted in microleakage reduction. Application of light-cured composite resin contrary to self-cured composite resin with both types of adhesives increased marginal sealing ability.

Heavy metal hexavalent chromium is known as a highly toxic compound and based on World Health Organization standards in concentrations greater than 50 micrograms per liter would lead to diseases such as allergic reactions, skin cancer, lung cancer, damage to the kidneys and liver, and also changes in the shape of the DNA genetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the hybrid system of nano-filtration and micro-filtration processes to remove hexavalent chromium from water. Pilot implementation of 1 and 5 micron filters, sand filters, activated carbon filters, and NF (NF 90-400) was built. The effects of various parameters such as pH, pressure, concentration of chromium, concentration of sulfate and total dissolved solids (TDS) were studied on the removal of hexavalent chromium from drinking water. Pressure was changed from 0. 1 to 0. 4 MPa, pH was set in the range of 2 to10, the concentration of hexavalent chromium was in the range of 100 to 400 micrograms per liter and the concentration of sulfate oral solution was changed between 40 and 500 milligrams per liter. The results showed that the efficiency of chromium removal increased as pH was increased. The removal of chromium dropped when the pressure was increased from 0. 1 to 0. 4 MPa. In addition, a decreasing trend was observed in removal efficiency by increasing the concentration of chrome and sulfate. Optimal levels of hexavalent chromium concentration was 100 micrograms per liter. For pressure, pH, and sulfate concentration the optimal levels were 0. 1 Mpa, 10 and 40 milligrams per liter, respectively. In general, pilot and experimental results showed that the system provided the ability to remove chromium in drinking water (tap water and distilled water) at a rate of 99%.